Choosing a book
Christmas Books for Kids, by Age and by What Each One Does for the Evening

Search for Christmas books for kids and a list is never hard to find. A list that tells you which book will work for your child tonight, at their age, is harder, and that is the one you need at 7:40 on a December evening with the stockings half hung.
This guide sorts 26 Christmas books by age, from board books for a one year old to chapter books for a ten year old, and gives each one a job: wonder, giving, a laugh, a quiet bedtime, a family ritual, or something to play with. Every book is by another publisher, and its author and age range come from a publisher or bookseller page we opened in October 2026.
There is also one finding here that may change how many books you need. In a small 2011 study, three year olds kept new words from a story they heard again, and did not keep them from different stories. It is in the section on re-reading. We make personalized books ourselves, so our own Christmas title sits in the section on giving, with what it is and what it is not.
What are the best Christmas books for kids?
The best Christmas books for kids are the ones that fit the child's age and do one clear job for the evening: wonder, giving, a laugh, a quiet bedtime, a family ritual, or something to play with. Here is one pick for each job, with the age range its publisher or bookseller prints.
- Best for wonder, ages 4 to 8: The Polar Express by Chris Van Allsburg, a boy's Christmas Eve train ride to the North Pole.
- Best for giving, ages 2 to 5: Llama Llama Holiday Drama by Anna Dewdney, where Llama Llama, tired of waiting, is reminded that the day is about the people you love, not the gifts.
- Best for a laugh, ages 4 to 8: Click, Clack, Ho! Ho! Ho! by Doreen Cronin and Betsy Lewin, where Duck once again gets the whole barnyard stuck on Christmas Eve.
- Best for a quiet bedtime, toddlers: Merry Christmas, Little Pookie by Sandra Boynton, a board book that goes from baking cookies to sleep (the table shows its two listed age ranges).
- Best for a family ritual, ages 3 to 5: The Night Before Christmas, the poem, in Jan Brett's illustrated edition.
- Best for play, ages 1 to 3: Where Is Baby's Christmas Present? by Karen Katz, a lift-the-flap board book.
- Best for a chapter book, ages 7 to 10: Christmas in Camelot by Mary Pope Osborne, now numbered Magic Tree House Merlin Mission #1.
How we picked these books, and what we left out
We picked 26 Christmas books across every age from one to ten, and kept only those whose author and age range we could read on a publisher or bookseller page in October 2026. The ages in the tables are the publishers', not ours. The jobs are ours.
- Ages are the publisher's or bookseller's. Several publisher pages print more than one range without saying which edition each belongs to, among them Mr. Willowby's Christmas Tree (3 to 7 in Product Details, 5 to 8 elsewhere on the page) and How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (5 to 9, and 4 to 8 elsewhere). We use the Product Details range. For Merry Christmas, Little Pookie the sources disagree, so the table shows both.
- This is not a review. We describe each book from what its publisher, bookseller or library catalog page says, and the job labels are ours. There is no ranking, because we could not find a verified one.
- The jobs are our labels. A book can do two, and each carries the one that fits best.
- Christmas only. Four of the 26 are tied to the Christian story of Christmas: Room for a Little One, The Little Drummer Boy and The Legend of the Poinsettia, and The Best Christmas Pageant Ever, which is about a church pageant. Hanukkah and Kwanzaa books are not covered.
- Missing books are not worse books. Some well-known titles are absent because we could not confirm their ages from a page we opened.
Christmas books for toddlers: ages 1 to 3
For toddlers, look for Christmas books that are short, sturdy and physical: a board book with flaps to lift, a routine the child already knows, or something to count. The four below are listed for babies and toddlers, and each runs 24 pages or fewer.
| Book and author | Publisher's ages | Best for, and what happens |
|---|---|---|
| Merry Christmas, Little Pookie, Sandra Boynton | 0 to 5 on one bookseller page, 18 months to 3 on Kirkus | Quiet bedtime. Christmas Eve for a piglet and Mom, from baking and decorating to singing and sleep. Board book. |
| Spot's Christmas, Eric Hill | 1 to 3 | Family ritual. The house gets ready: the tree, the presents, the kitchen, and milk and cookies for Santa. Board book. |
| Where Is Baby's Christmas Present?, Karen Katz | 1 to 3 | Play. A lift-the-flap hunt for a missing present, with cookies, candy canes and ornaments under the flaps. Board book. |
| Little Blue Truck's Christmas, Alice Schertle, illustrated by Jill McElmurry | Up to 3 | Play. The truck delivers Christmas trees to animal families while the child counts along. |
What these four share is that the child has a job. A flap gives small hands something to do while you read, a count gives them a number to say, and a routine from home gives them the pleasure of recognizing it. The American Academy of Pediatrics encourages reading aloud from birth.
What are the best Christmas books for preschoolers?
For preschoolers, ages 3 to 5, look for Christmas books with one clear story, a rhyme or a refrain to join in, and a Christmas Eve feeling that is cozy, funny or about giving. The nine below are listed by their publishers or booksellers for ranges that include 3, 4 and 5.
| Book and author | Publisher's ages | Best for, and what happens |
|---|---|---|
| Llama Llama Holiday Drama, Anna Dewdney | 2 to 5 | Giving. Llama Llama is tired of waiting, until a cuddle reminds him the day is about the people, not the presents. |
| The Night Before Christmas, Clement C. Moore, illustrated by Jan Brett | 3 to 5 | Family ritual. The poem you may already read each Christmas Eve, in Brett's edition with two elf stowaways from the North Pole added. |
| Olivia Helps with Christmas, Ian Falconer | 3 to 7 | Family ritual. Olivia the pig supervises the whole season: waiting for Santa, the tree, the stockings and Christmas dinner. |
| Snowmen at Christmas, Caralyn Buehner, illustrated by Mark Buehner | 3 to 7 | Wonder. What the snowmen get up to at Christmas, in bouncy rhyme, with winter treats and a snowman Santa. |
| Mr. Willowby's Christmas Tree, Robert Barry | 3 to 7 | Giving. A tree too tall for the parlor loses its top, and the top is passed along from home to home, bringing cheer to the animals of the forest. |
| Red and Lulu, Matt Tavares | 3 to 7 | Wonder. Two cardinals nest in a New York evergreen, are separated, and need a miracle to find each other. |
| Dream Snow, Eric Carle | 3 to 7 | Quiet bedtime. On December 24 an old farmer naps, dreams of snow and wakes to find it has fallen. |
| Room for a Little One, Martin Waddell, illustrated by Jason Cockcroft | 3 to 7 | Quiet bedtime, Nativity. In a stable, animals take turns making room for one another until Jesus is born among them. |
| The Little Drummer Boy, pictures by Ezra Jack Keats | 3 to 7 | Giving, Nativity. A poor boy with no gift fit for a king plays his drum for the Christ Child, in Keats's pictures for the carol. |
For a four year old in particular, we would start with a story that has a turn in the middle: Mr. Willowby's tree, the separated cardinals, Llama Llama's long wait. What changes between three and four is in best books for 3 and 4 year olds.
If your three or four year old is the one who needs to see themselves in a Christmas story, you can see them drawn from one photo before you decide anything.
Christmas picture books for ages 4 to 8
From four to eight, look for a longer Christmas story with a real turn in the middle, and this is where the classics on this list sit. The eight below carry the age ranges printed on the publisher or bookseller pages we read, from 4 to 9.
| Book and author | Publisher's ages | Best for, and what happens |
|---|---|---|
| The Polar Express, Chris Van Allsburg | 4 to 8 | Wonder. A boy's mysterious Christmas Eve train ride to a snowy North Pole, in oil pastel pictures. |
| Dasher: How a Brave Little Doe Changed Christmas Forever, Matt Tavares | 4 to 8 | Wonder. A young reindeer in a traveling circus dreams of snow and the North Star, and meets Santa. |
| The Legend of the Poinsettia, Tomie dePaola | 4 to 8 | Giving, Nativity. A Mexican legend of how a little girl's gift to the Christ Child gave us the poinsettia. |
| Silver Packages: An Appalachian Christmas Story, Cynthia Rylant, paintings by Chris K. Soentpiet | 4 to 8 | Giving. A boy waits by the railroad tracks for the Christmas Train, which brings presents to children in coal towns. |
| Too Many Tamales, Gary Soto, illustrated by Ed Martinez | 4 to 8 | Family ritual. A Christmas Eve of making tamales with cousins, until a ring goes missing and may be in the batch. |
| Click, Clack, Ho! Ho! Ho!, Doreen Cronin, illustrated by Betsy Lewin | 4 to 8 | A laugh. On Christmas Eve Duck once again gets the whole barnyard stuck, and someone has to free him and save Christmas. |
| The Snowman, Raymond Briggs | 5 to 8 | Wonder, wordless. A boy's snowman comes to life for a night. A story of friendship that touches on loss. |
| How the Grinch Stole Christmas!, Dr. Seuss | 5 to 9 | Giving. The Grinch, who lives just north of Who-ville, does not like Christmas. He tries to stop it by stealing the presents and the food, and it comes anyway. |
Two details before you buy. The Snowman has no words, so a child can tell it to you, and its publisher says it touches on loss as well as friendship. And the Grinch is listed for ages 5 to 9, so for a younger child it is one to read together and talk about.
Publishers Weekly wrote in December 2025 that 14 million copies of The Polar Express have been sold worldwide. That is one figure from a trade magazine, not a ranking.
What are good Christmas chapter books for kids?
Good Christmas chapter books for kids start around age 7 with a 144-page adventure, Christmas in Camelot, and grow into longer novels like A Boy Called Christmas. Two others below, The Christmas Miracle of Jonathan Toomey and The Gift of the Magi, are picture books for older readers.
| Book and author | Publisher's ages | Best for, and what happens |
|---|---|---|
| The Christmas Miracle of Jonathan Toomey, Susan Wojciechowski, illustrated by P.J. Lynch | 6 to 9 | Quiet. A woodcarver who rarely smiles, and a widow and her young son who bring him a gentle request. Picture book. |
| Christmas in Camelot (Magic Tree House Merlin Mission #1), Mary Pope Osborne, illustrated by Sal Murdocca | 7 to 10 | Wonder, chapter book. Jack and Annie are invited to Camelot for Christmas Eve, on a quest to save Camelot. 144 pages. |
| A Boy Called Christmas, Matt Haig, illustrated by Chris Mould | 8 to 12 | Wonder, novel. Eleven year old Nikolas travels to the North Pole to find his missing father, befriends a surly reindeer, gets past a troll and finds the elves of Elfhelm in trouble. 256 pages. |
| The Best Christmas Pageant Ever, Barbara Robinson | 9 to 12 | A laugh. The rowdy Herdman children arrive at church for the free snacks and end up taking over the Christmas pageant. 128 pages. |
| The Gift of the Magi, O. Henry, illustrated by P.J. Lynch | 10 and up | Giving. Della sells her hair to buy a Christmas gift for her husband, Jim, who has made a sacrifice of his own. Picture book. |
For a younger listener, Publishers Weekly lists a picture-book edition of The Best Christmas Pageant Ever, illustrated by Laura Cornell, for ages 4 to 8.
Which Christmas books are about giving, not just Santa?
Seven of the books in this guide are mainly about giving: Llama Llama Holiday Drama, Mr. Willowby's Christmas Tree, The Little Drummer Boy, The Legend of the Poinsettia, Silver Packages, How the Grinch Stole Christmas! and The Gift of the Magi. Together they cover ages 2 to 10 and up.
- Ages 2 to 5: Llama Llama Holiday Drama by Anna Dewdney.
- Ages 3 to 7, a gift made of what you have: The Little Drummer Boy, in the pictures of Ezra Jack Keats.
- Ages 3 to 7, sharing what does not fit: Mr. Willowby's Christmas Tree by Robert Barry.
- Ages 4 to 8, a gift that becomes a flower: The Legend of the Poinsettia by Tomie dePaola.
- Ages 4 to 8, a train that brings presents: Silver Packages by Cynthia Rylant.
- Ages 5 to 9, Christmas that comes without the presents: How the Grinch Stole Christmas! by Dr. Seuss.
- Ages 10 and up, two gifts that cost something: The Gift of the Magi, in the edition illustrated by P.J. Lynch.
How stories teach this without a lecture is in books about kindness for preschoolers.
Our own book is a different shape of the same idea. Dreamtale Cartoons, a small studio that has drawn about ten thousand families since 2020, makes The Last Present, a personalized hardcover Christmas storybook for ages 3 to 10. You send one photo of your child, we draw them as a character in the look of a modern 3D animated film, and that same face is on all thirteen illustrated spreads of a story written in rhyme.
On Christmas Eve a hedgehog in mittens named Bramble taps at the window: somebody checks the sleigh at the end of the night, and there is always one present too many. This year it has no name on it. They search the sleeping town, past dark window after dark window, until one kitchen light is still on. It belongs to whoever stayed up wrapping everybody else's, and your child writes the name on the label. The book never shows that person's face, only a shape moving past the lit window, so the face is the one you are thinking of.
What it is not: a lecture, because nobody in the book is told to be less greedy. And it is not your family's own Christmas. The story is ours and the same for every family. What is yours is your child's face, their name in the words, and the dedication you write, which we print word for word after the story.
Should you read many Christmas books, or the same few again?
Read a few, and read them again. In a small 2011 University of Sussex study, three year olds who heard the same story three times in a visit kept the new words by the end of the week, and children who heard different stories did not. It was 16 children and invented words, so take it as a nudge.
- Who: 16 monolingual, British English-speaking three year olds, visited at home, in two groups of eight, in a study by Jessica Horst, Kelly Parsons and Natasha Bryan.
- What they heard: nine specially written storybooks, each with two made-up names for unfamiliar objects.
- How often: three visits in one week. One group heard the same story three times per visit. The other heard three different stories using the same made-up words. Every child heard each word equally often.
- What was measured: after each visit, and again at the last visit for words from the earlier ones, the child picked the named object from four pictures.
- What happened: the children who heard the same story were very accurate on both tests. The authors report that the others learned none of the new words.
What the study does not say matters as much. It did not test Christmas books, a book that comes back once a year, or any child older than three, and it does not say new books are bad. Its authors suggest that parents may do well to follow a child's requests to reread favorites, because the number of different books matters less than rereading each one. The University of Sussex put the practical point plainly: children do not necessarily need a vast quantity of books.
So a wrapped-book countdown with 24 different titles is a lovely idea and an optional one. If you want the words to stick, a handful of books read again and again is what this one study supports.
How to read a Christmas book aloud so it becomes a tradition
A Christmas read-aloud becomes a tradition when it happens at the same hour, in the same place, with the same few books. Pick the time, pick the spot, give the child a job, and keep last year's book in the pile. In our view, the repeating matters more than the title.
- Same hour. After the Christmas Eve box and before the lights go out, with the evening sorted by age in Christmas Eve traditions.
- A job for the child. A flap to lift, a refrain to say with you, the page to turn. For the book slot of the evening, Christmas Eve box ideas has what fits each age.
- One book for every year. The poem many families read on Christmas Eve began as an unsigned piece in the Troy Sentinel, in New York, on December 23, 1823. Moore claimed it thirteen years later, and who wrote it is still debated, says the Academy of American Poets.
- The year inside the cover. If you are stuck for the words, see what to write in a book for a child.
- A book as the last step. The American Academy of Pediatrics encourages reading aloud from birth through at least kindergarten. If bedtime is already a fight, set up a routine that ends the stalling in early December.
None of this needs a special book. A library copy of The Night Before Christmas does the job.
A small Christmas shelf: five books, one for each job
Five Christmas books is plenty for one child: one for wonder, one for giving, one for a laugh, one for bedtime and one that is yours to read every year. That is our rule of thumb, not a study, and the library can fill any gap. Here it is at three ages, with three for the toddler.
- A toddler, ages 1 to 3: Merry Christmas, Little Pookie for bedtime, Where Is Baby's Christmas Present? for play, and Spot's Christmas for the ritual of getting ready.
- A four year old: Red and Lulu for wonder, Llama Llama Holiday Drama for giving, Click, Clack, Ho! Ho! Ho! for a laugh, Dream Snow for bedtime, and The Night Before Christmas for the ritual.
- A seven year old: The Polar Express for wonder, The Legend of the Poinsettia for giving, the picture-book edition of The Best Christmas Pageant Ever for a laugh, The Christmas Miracle of Jonathan Toomey for a quiet evening, and Christmas in Camelot to read a chapter a night.
One new book a year, plus the ones that come back, keeps the shelf small. It also fits the four gift rule for Christmas morning, where the book is the read slot, explained in Christmas gifts for kids who have everything.
When a Christmas book with your child in it is worth having
A Christmas book with your child in it is worth having when the child is old enough to follow a story, about three and up, and you want a keepsake that returns each December. It is not worth it for a one or two year old, who is better served by a sturdy board book from the list above.
Between about three and six, children find it hard to carry a lesson from a character over to themselves, and a book where the character is unmistakably them can shorten that step. No study shows it removes the step, and we do not claim it does. The reasoning is in why kids love seeing themselves in books.
It should sit beside the classics, not replace them. If you grew up on The Polar Express, it deserves its place on the shelf. How a book with your child drawn in compares with a name swapped into a story, and what to check before you order one from anyone, is in our guide to personalized books for kids.
If a child between three and ten lives in your house and you want to know whether the drawing looks like them, start the free preview with one photo. There is no card and no account.
When to buy, borrow or order Christmas books
A library or bookstore copy can be yours the day you decide. A personalized book is different: ours is printed after you order, and December 1 is the last date we can promise for Christmas. The book page and the cart show the real delivery dates before you pay.
- Library: check the catalog for the titles above. A borrowed copy is a good way to learn which two or three are worth owning.
- Bookstore: bring the list and the ages. The publisher's range is the starting point, and a children's bookseller can tell you which edition, board book or hardcover, suits your child.
- Ours: The Last Present is made for ages 3 to 10, and the date for Christmas is on our shipping page. The free preview takes about half a minute.
Sources
- Beyond Literacy: Shared Reading Starting at Birth Offers Lifelong Benefits · HealthyChildren.org, American Academy of Pediatrics
- Get the Story Straight: Contextual Repetition Promotes Word Learning from Storybooks · Horst, Parsons & Bryan, Frontiers in Psychology, 2011
- "Again, again!" Why repetition in reading helps children learn more · University of Sussex, 2011
- A Visit from St. Nicholas · Academy of American Poets, Poets.org, 1823
- Forty Years Aboard The Polar Express · Publishers Weekly, 2025
- Little Blue Truck's Christmas, Alice Schertle, illustrated by Jill McElmurry (review listing) · Publishers Weekly, 2014
- The Best Christmas Pageant Ever, Barbara Robinson, illustrated by Laura Cornell (picture book edition listing) · Publishers Weekly, 2011
- The Polar Express, Chris Van Allsburg · American Library Association
- Merry Christmas, Little Pookie, Sandra Boynton (bookseller listing) · Hennessey + Ingalls
- Merry Christmas, Little Pookie, Sandra Boynton (review) · Kirkus Reviews, 2018
- Spot's Christmas, Eric Hill (publisher listing) · Penguin Random House
- Where Is Baby's Christmas Present?, Karen Katz (bookseller listing) · Hennessey + Ingalls
- Llama Llama Holiday Drama, Anna Dewdney (publisher listing) · Penguin Random House
- The Night Before Christmas, Clement C. Moore, illustrated by Jan Brett (publisher listing) · Penguin Random House
- Olivia Helps with Christmas, Ian Falconer (bookseller listing) · Hennessey + Ingalls
- Snowmen at Christmas, Caralyn Buehner, illustrated by Mark Buehner (publisher listing) · Penguin Random House
- Mr. Willowby's Christmas Tree, Robert Barry (publisher listing) · Penguin Random House
- Red and Lulu, Matt Tavares (publisher listing) · Penguin Random House
- Dream Snow, Eric Carle (publisher listing) · Penguin Random House
- Room for a Little One, Martin Waddell, illustrated by Jason Cockcroft (bookseller listing) · Hennessey + Ingalls
- The Little Drummer Boy, pictures by Ezra Jack Keats (publisher listing) · Penguin Random House
- The Polar Express, Chris Van Allsburg, 30th anniversary edition (bookseller listing) · i55 Book Fairs
- Dasher: How a Brave Little Doe Changed Christmas Forever, Matt Tavares (publisher listing) · Penguin Random House
- The Legend of the Poinsettia, Tomie dePaola (publisher listing) · Penguin Random House
- Silver Packages: An Appalachian Christmas Story, Cynthia Rylant (bookseller listing) · Hennessey + Ingalls
- Too Many Tamales, Gary Soto, illustrated by Ed Martinez (publisher listing) · Penguin Random House
- Click, Clack, Ho! Ho! Ho!, Doreen Cronin, illustrated by Betsy Lewin (bookseller listing) · Hennessey + Ingalls
- The Snowman, Raymond Briggs (publisher listing) · Penguin Random House
- How the Grinch Stole Christmas!, Dr. Seuss (publisher listing) · Penguin Random House
- How the Grinch Stole Christmas!, Dr. Seuss (work record) · Open Library, Internet Archive
- The Christmas Miracle of Jonathan Toomey, Susan Wojciechowski, illustrated by P.J. Lynch (publisher listing) · Penguin Random House
- Christmas in Camelot, Mary Pope Osborne (Magic Tree House Merlin Mission #1, publisher listing) · Penguin Random House
- A Boy Called Christmas, Matt Haig, illustrated by Chris Mould (publisher listing, movie tie-in edition) · Penguin Random House
- The Best Christmas Pageant Ever, Barbara Robinson (bookseller listing) · i55 Book Fairs
- The Gift of the Magi, O. Henry, illustrated by P.J. Lynch (publisher listing) · Penguin Random House
Questions parents ask
What are some good Christmas books for kids?
It depends on the age. For toddlers, Merry Christmas, Little Pookie or Where Is Baby's Christmas Present? For ages 3 to 5, Llama Llama Holiday Drama or The Night Before Christmas. For ages 4 to 8, The Polar Express or Click, Clack, Ho! Ho! Ho! For ages 7 to 10, Christmas in Camelot. All 26 are in the tables above, with the publisher's ages.
What are the top 10 Christmas books for kids?
There is no official top 10 that we could verify. Ten that cover every age and job in this guide are Merry Christmas, Little Pookie, Spot's Christmas, Llama Llama Holiday Drama, The Night Before Christmas, Red and Lulu, The Polar Express, The Legend of the Poinsettia, Click, Clack, Ho! Ho! Ho!, How the Grinch Stole Christmas! and Christmas in Camelot.
What are some good Christmas chapter books for kids?
Christmas in Camelot by Mary Pope Osborne is listed for ages 7 to 10 and is a 144-page chapter book. A Boy Called Christmas by Matt Haig is listed for ages 8 to 12, and The Best Christmas Pageant Ever by Barbara Robinson for ages 9 to 12. All three are in the chapter book table above.
What are some good Christmas books for a 4 year old?
Look for a story with one turn in the middle. Llama Llama Holiday Drama, Mr. Willowby's Christmas Tree and Red and Lulu are listed for ranges that include 4, and Click, Clack, Ho! Ho! Ho! and The Polar Express start at 4. The Night Before Christmas in Jan Brett's edition is listed for ages 3 to 5.
What are the best Christmas books for toddlers?
Short, sturdy board books are a good fit. Merry Christmas, Little Pookie, Spot's Christmas and Where Is Baby's Christmas Present? are board books of 12 to 18 pages, and Little Blue Truck's Christmas, 24 pages, adds counting. Their listings run from 0 or 1 up to 3, except one bookseller's listing of Pookie, which goes up to 5. Flaps, counting and routines the child knows from home are good places to start.
What is the best selling children's Christmas book?
We could not find a verified ranking, because publishers report sales in different ways. One figure we could source is from Publishers Weekly, December 2025: 14 million copies of The Polar Express sold worldwide. That is one number from a trade magazine, not proof that it is number one.
Is it okay to read the same Christmas book every night?
Yes, and one small study suggests it may help. In a 2011 University of Sussex study of 16 three year olds, children who heard the same story read three times in a visit kept new words by the end of the week, and children who heard different stories did not. The study was small and used invented words, so it is a reason to relax, not a rule.
Which Christmas books are about giving instead of getting?
In this guide, seven: Llama Llama Holiday Drama, Mr. Willowby's Christmas Tree, The Little Drummer Boy, The Legend of the Poinsettia, Silver Packages, How the Grinch Stole Christmas! and The Gift of the Magi. They run from about age 2 to 10 and up, and each is labeled with its publisher's age range.
Dr. Seuss, The Grinch, Llama Llama, Olivia, Little Blue Truck, Spot, Little Pookie, The Polar Express, Magic Tree House, Click, Clack, How the Grinch Stole Christmas!, The Snowman, A Boy Called Christmas and The Best Christmas Pageant Ever are trademarks of their respective owners. Dreamtale Cartoons is an independent studio, not affiliated with, sponsored or endorsed by any of them.